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The Mandukya Upanishad (Sanskrit: माण्डुक्य उपनिषद्, ) is the shortest of all the Upanishads, and is assigned to Atharvaveda.〔 It is listed as number 6 in the Muktikā canon of 108 Upanishads.〔 It is in prose, consisting of twelve terse verses, and is associated with a Rig Vedic school of scholars.〔 It discusses the syllable Om, presents the theory of four states of consciousness, asserts the existence and nature of Atman (Soul, Self).〔Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814691, pages 605-637〕 The Mandukya Upanishad is notable for having been recommended in the Muktikā Upanishad, through two central characters of the ''Ramayana'', as the one Upanishad that alone is sufficient for knowledge to gain moksha, and as first in its list of eleven principal Upanishads.〔Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814691, pages 556-557〕 The text is also notable for inspiring Gaudapada's ''Karika'', a classic for the Vedanta school of Hinduism.〔 Mandukya Upanishad is among the oft cited texts on chronology and philosophical relationship between Hinduism and Buddhism. ==Etymology== The root of ''Mandukya'' is sometimes considered as ''Manduka'' (Sanskrit: मण्डूक) which literally has several meanings. It means "frog", "a particular breed of horse", "the sole of horse's hoof", or "a kind of coitus".〔(maNDUka ) Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Lexicon, Germany〕 Some writers have suggested the "frog" as the etymological root for Mandukya Upanishad. Another root for the Upanishad's name is ''Mānduka'' (Sanskrit: माण्डूक) which literally is "a Vedic school" or means "a teacher".〔(mANDUka ) Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Lexicon, Germany〕 Paul Deussen states the etymological roots of Mandukya Upanishad to be a "half lost school of Rigveda".〔Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814691, pages 605-609〕 This school may be related to the scholar named Hrasva Māṇḍūkeya, whose theory of semivowels is discussed in Aitareya Aranyaka of Rigveda.〔Charles W. Kreidler, Phonology: Critical Concepts, Volume 1, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415203456, page 9〕 Manduka means "son of Manduki", and a seer with this metronymic is mentioned in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad along with the Mandukeyas, his disciples. The Mandukeyas figure in the Bhagavata Purana as the receivers of a branch of the Rig Veda from Indra. Applying the rules of sandhi, the text is also called ''Mandukyopanishad''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mandukya Upanishad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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